<oo>→<bs> Bdinski sbornik

Lines

Every line in the manuscript is encoded as a <line> element, with a <line> start tag and a </line> end tag, e.g.:

<line>двєрца мала посрѣдѣ єю.</line>

If a word is divided across a line break, the editors should add a hyphen at the end of the first of the two lines, corresponding to modern hyphenation conventions, e.g.:

<line>же єи седмию лѣть. ѡ-</line>
<line>н же повелѣ еи быти вь</line>

Folios

The beginning of each folio is marked as an empty (self-closing) <folio> element, which has an @n attribute that consists of a sequence of digits followed by the letter r for recto or v for verso. The following example shows an abbreviated version of how the encoding of folio 22r and folio 22v might look:

<folio n="22r"/>
<line>first line of 22r</line>
<line>second line of 22r</line>
<!-- more lines -->
<line>last line of 22r</line>
<folio n="22v"/>
<line>first line of 22v</line>
<line>second line of 22v</line>
<!-- more lines -->
<line>last line of 22v</line>

Superscription

Superscription is encoded with the <sup> element, e.g.:

<line>вьнѣшнѣи хизинѣ. сам<sup>ъ</sup></line>

Omega with superscript t is rendered not as the single Unicode U+047f (ѿ), but as omega followed by t wrapped in <sup> tags, e.g.:

<line>сль. и ѡ<sup>т</sup>врьзши двєрце</line>

Word division

Word divsion is entirely editorial, which is to say that the editors insert spaces between all words, regardless of spacing in the manuscript. The particles се (reflexive) and же are independent words, and are preceded by spaces. This is true even when they are superscripted, so ѡн ^ж (with a space before the superscript ж) rather than ѡн^ж (with the superscript ж immediately adjacent to the preceding н.

Colored text

Text in red should be tagged as <red>. In cases where an entire line may be in red, the <red > tags should go inside the <line> tags, e.g., 1r2 should be encoded as:

<line><red>женаго аврамиа. како п-</red></line>

Note that <red> tags, like <line> tags, may capture only the beginning or end of a word.

Abbreviation

The 1973 edition expands abbreviations, wrapping the inserted letters in parentheses. We remove those, restoring a titlo or superscript letter plus pokrytie if there was one in the manuscript.

Lacunae in the manuscript

Some of the text that would have occurred on folios now missing from the manuscript has been restored in the 1973 edition on the basis of other manuscripts. For our purposes, we keep that text, without dividing it into lines, but surround it in <lacuna> tags.

Corrections

Errors corrected in the manuscript by a scribe (original or subsequent) are encoded by creating a <subst> (= substitution) element. <subst> must have exactly two children, one instance of <del> (which contains the original reading that was subsequently corrected by the scribe) followed by one instance of <add> (which contains the text inserted by the scribe as a correction).

If the original reading is illegible because of the correction, it may be rendered as a <gap/> element (with an optional @extent attribute to indicate the number of characters, if the editor can discern that with reasonable confidence) inside the <del> element. For example, the replacement of one illegible character with two at the end of 39v16 should be encoded as:

ꙩбраз<subst><del><gap extent="1" reason="overwritten"/></del><add>ѡм҇</add></subst>

If the text is legible but unclear, it may be wrapped instead in <unclear> tags inside the <del> element.

In case of corrections that do not involve the complete deletion of an initial value, the <del> element should carry the attribute @status with the value partial. For example, in 57r3 the scribe began to write л and then corrected himself to и, and we write:

пом<subst><del status="partial">л</del><add>и</add></subst>шлꙗѥ

This markup is borrowed from the TEI P5 guidelines. The notion of partial deletion reflects the TEI interpretation that <del> does not have to mean complete deletion (in the case of the example above, the deletion is conceptual, rather than graphic). Note that the TEI <corr> element should not be used to encode corrections that can be read in the manuscript, that is, that were created by a scribe. <corr> is to be used only for corrections inserted by the modern editors, and at this stage in our development the editors of this project are not encoding any new corrections.

Deletions and insertions

Text that has been erased and not replaced but that is still legible should be tagged as <del>. If the deleted text is not legible but it is clear that text was deleted, the <del> element should still be used, but it should contain only an empty <gap reason="erased"/> element, with an optional @extent attribute to indicate the number of erased letters, if the editor can determine that with reasonable confidence. For example, the five-character erasure at 40v8 should be transcribed as:

<line>вь доомь<del><gap reason="erased" extent="5"/></del>нисифоровь.</line>

Do not use <gap/> by itself for this purpose; wrapping it in <del> is what makes explicit that the gap results from scribal deletion, and not from damage to the manuscript or for other reasons. If the text is partially legible, it is possible to combine raw text and <gap/> elements inside a <del> element. <gap/> optionally may contain an @extent attribute that records the estimated number of characters deleted, so that, for example

<del>и<gap reason="illegible" extent="2"/></del>

records a three-letter erasure where the first letter can be read with reasonable confidence as и and the next two are illegible.

Text inserted into the manuscript by a later scribe should be tagged as <add>. If the editor is confident that the insertion is in a later hand, optional @hand="other" attribute markup may be included (insertions by the original scribe should omit the @hand attribute entirely, since the original scribal hand is assumed to be the default). For example, if the editor is confident that the superscript д at 46r12 was added in a later hand, that can be encoded as:

боу<add hand="other"><sup>д</sup></add>ть

Combinations of deletions and insertions that should be regarded as connected, that is, that should be considered a correction, should be encoded using <subst>, as described above, under Corrections.

Physical damage to the manuscript

Text that is legible but damaged should be tagged as <damage>, e.g., at 39v17:

пав<damage>ьль</damage>.

If the damaged text can be read, but not with confidence, it (or any unclear portions) can be wrapped in <unclear> tags inside the <damage> element. If the text cannot be read at all, it should be tagged as an empty <gap/> element inside <damage>, where <gap/> has an optional @extent attribute that indicates the approximate number of illegible characters (where the editor is able to discern).

Generic problems

Generic problems should be tagged as <problem>. These will be resolved and reclassified later, after discussion, and this interim markup will help find them at that time.

The beginning and end of a text

The beginning of the text being edited is marked by inserting an empty <start/> tag before the line on which the text begins, and the end of that test is marked by inserting an empty <end/> tag after the last line. For example, if the text being edited begins on the third line of folio 22r, the markup would look as follows:

<folio n="22r">
<line>first line of 22r</line>
<line>second line of 22r</line>
<start/>
<line>third line of 22r</line>
<!-- more lines -->

There should be exactly one <start/> and one <end/> tag in each file, surrounding the text being edited at the moment. Do not mark the end of the preceding text or the beginning of the following one; that is, in the example above, do not include an <end/> before the <start/>

The root element and information about the editor

The entire edited section is wrapped in a single <root> element. The first subelement inside the <root> must be a <metadata> element, which contains the <name> and <email> of the primary person who edited the section. (This assumes that every section will have exactly one editor to be credited officially on the site.) The following example shows the beginning of thais.xml, and demonstrates the <root> start tag at the beginning of the file, the <metadata> element with its <name> and <email> children, the <folio> tag for folio 106v, which is where this text begins, the <line> tags for the lines on that folio, and the <start/> tag before the first line of the text of the Vita of Thaïs. This example also includes the <sup> element for superscript characters and an <editionPageNo> element, about which see below:

<root>
    <metadata>
        <name>Alexandre Popowycz</name>
        <email>alexandre.popowycz@ugent.be</email>
    </metadata>
    <folio n="106v"/>
    <line>рцами. и исписах ѥи все стра-</line>
    <line>сти юже имѣ кь бѣсоу борбꙋ.</line>
    <line>и кь ѡбразномоу и змїю, и</line>
    <line>все м҃лтвы ѥє. и поустихь</line>
    <line>кь всѣ<sup>м҇</sup> хр<sup>с҇</sup>тїанѡ<sup>м҇</sup> сь всею исти-</line>
    <line>ною. сконьча же се. с҃таа моу-</line>
    <line>ченица марина, м<sup>с҇</sup>ца їоулѣ</line>
    <line>вь, з҃і҃. и твореще ѥи паметь,</line>
    <line>сп҃сениѥ оулоучимь. вь име</line>
    <line>г҃а нашего іс҃ х҃а. ємꙋже сла<sup>в҇</sup></line>
    <line>и дрьжава сь безначелнимь</line>
    <line>єго ѡ҃цемь. и сь прѣс҃тымь</line>
    <line>и бл҃гымь и животворещимь</line>
    <line>д҃хомь твоимь, н҃нѣ и пр҃сно:—</line>
    <start/>
    <line><editionPageNo n="130"/>ЖИТИѤ И ЖИЗНЬ ПРѢ-</line>
    <line>по<sup>д</sup>бниѥ ѳаисиѥ,</line>
    <line>Братиꙗ моꙗ пр<sup>с҇</sup>наа, хощꙋ ва<sup>м҇</sup></line>
    <!-- text continues -->
</root>

Paragraph numbering

Some of the texts in the 1973 edition number paragraphs or larger sections. This information is retained as empty (self-closing) <editionParagraphNo> elements with an @n attribute to indicate the numerical value, with a space before and after, e.g.:

<line>лы. <editionParagraphNo n="28"/> ре<sup>ч</sup> же вь себѣ азь оужє</line>

Page numbers

Page numbers from the typeset edition are not present in the OCR output, and must be inserted manually into the XML by the editors. The markup for this purpose is an empty (self-closing) <editionPageNo> element with an @n attribute, the value of which corresponds to the beginning of a page in the 1973 edition, e.g.:

<line>неже <editionPageNo n="44"/> бо бѣ ѡ<sup>т</sup>ць єѥ, имѣ-</line>

Asterisks and footnotes

Asterisks in the 1973 edition point to a wide variety of editorial footnotes. When correcting the OCR, the asterisks should be retained during editing, but in places where they indicate that the editors have replaced the actual manuscript text with their own emendation, the actual manuscript text (in the footnote in the typeset edition) should be restored to the transcription.

Capitalization

The 1973 edition capitalizes proper nouns, sentence-initial letters, etc. We correct those according to the manuscript, which means that we use capital letters only for letters that are large in the manuscript, typically initials and the title at the beginning.

Ligatures

Ligatures are wrapped in <lig> tags, e.g.:

р<lig>ау</lig><sup>д</sup>е (13v2)

Broad and narrow e (е ~ є)

The manuscript distinguishes broad and narrow e, but these are not distinguished in the 1973 edition. We correct this programmatically after OCR to bring the distribution into agreement with the general scribal orthographic norm, writing narrow e (е) after consonant letters and broad e (є) elsewhere, that is, after vowel letters and in initial position. Because the scribe may occasionally violate his own norm, editors of the new digital edition need to proofread especially carefully for such deviations and correct the transcription, so that it comes to represent the actual spellings in the manuscript.

o letters (о ~ ѡ ~ ꙩ ~ ꙫ ~ оо)

The manuscript includes omicron (о), omega (ѡ), ocular o (ꙩ, e.g., 6v16), binocular o (ꙫ, e.g., 5r12) and broad o (ѻ, e.g., 8v8). The double omicron (оо) is a distinctive feature of the orthography of this manuscript, and is transcribed as a sequence of two regular omicron letters. The two omicrons typically are touching, and therefore technically a ligature, but we’ll add the ligature markup automatically after editing, so the editors do not have to type the tags manually in these cases.

u letters

The sound [u] may be spelled as omicron plus u (this should be encoded as two characters, regular o followed by regular u, e.g., beginning of оумершꙋ 1v4), ꙋ (e.g., end of оумершꙋ 1v4), and with superscript у over omicron, i.e., о^у (e.g., о^уловити 3r3). Note that this means that we have a <sup> element within a <sup> element in the case of второом^оу 6v15:

второом<sup>о<sup>у</sup></sup>

Jery and jer letters

Jery in the manuscript is regularly written with two marks over the second component, which sometimes looks like two dots and sometimes like a kendema (double grave accent). In all cases we render the jery like regular jery, with front jer onset and without any superscript diacritic (cf. below concerning diacritics): ы.

All jer letters are written as front jer (ь) unless they are unambiguously back jers (ъ), which normally occurs only at the ends of lines.

t letters

There are three basic shapes of the t letter: three-legged (e.g., что 4r5), regular (but with strong serifs on the ends of the crossbar, e.g., что 4r4), and a tall t (e.g., что 4r12). These are all transcribed, identically, as regular т.